AVR Microcontroller ATmega16 - An Introduction

ATMEL AVR microcontrollers are very popular among Engineers,Students and Hobbyist  for designing mid range embedded system projects. All embedded system needs brain that receives external signal, interprets it and perform a set of task accordingly. AVR microcontroller are best option for this purpose because AVR microcontroller have powerful instruction set and have high speed.In this article we'll discuss the basic  of ATMEL ATmega16 microcontroller.

WHICH AVR I USE 

AVR Features

ATMEL AVR microcontrollers are available in the market in many varieties. But most popular and used AVR microcontrollers are ATmega8, Atmega16 and ATmega32. All these microcontrollers are belongs to ATMEL mega family. There are no difference between avr microcontroller. They only differs in memory size and Price.
Nomenclature of Atmega uCs

Atmega16 Pin Configuration

Pin Configuration

Pin 10 and 11 : These pins are available for the power supply of uC. Atmega16 works at 5V.

Pin 9 : This pin is used for Reset the uC. It is an active low pin means its gets activated when you give it high signal.

Pin 30 and 32 : Pin 30 is analog Vcc. Atmega16 has features of analog to digital converter. This pin is used to gives power externally to analog circuit. Pin 32 is analog reference pin. This pin is also used for ADC purpose.

Pin 12 and 13 : By default ATmega26 works at 1 MHz internal frequency. We used this pin to connect an external crystal oscillator for getting higher frequency and clock pulses.

Pin 1-8 (PORT B) : These 8 pin of ATmega16 uC are known as PORTB. These pins are I/O pin that means all pins are capable of getting input as well as giving output.

Pin 33-40(PORT A) : These pins are known as PORTA. PORTA can be used for ADC purpose. If PORTA is not used for ADC purpose then its serves as 8-bit bidirectional I/O PORT.

Pin 22-29(PORT C) : This is 8-bit bidirectional I/O port known as PORT C. All pins of PORT C have internal pull-up resisters.

Pin 14-21 (PORT D) : This is also 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. PORTD also has some additional features for serial communication, interprets, PWM and timer.

Datasheet: 

Now we have got some basic knowledge about Atmega16 uC. If you want to learn anything else about the ATmega16 uC then you can refer to its Datasheet. Datasheet contains all the information about uC like its behavior,bit setting, actual working etc. 

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Arduino Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor

We all know about the ultrasonic sensor and also wanted to play with it, but don't know how ultrasonic sensor works. So In this article, we will see  how to use an ultrasonic sensor with your projects. The ultrasonic sensor is very popular among arduino hobbyist and there are so many projects which you will be able to do at the end of this article.

Description of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic Sensor can measure the distance from 1" to 13 feet( 1 cm to up to 4metre) with accuracy up to 3mm. A hc-sr04 ultrasonic sensor has 4 pin GND, VCC, Echo and Trigger Pin. Trig pin generate an ultrasound by setting trig pin on the high state of 10 microseconds. Echo pin produce an output in a microsecond when ultrasound returns back from the object to echo pin.

We can calculate the distance by using simple formula Speed=(Distance/Time). The speed of the sound is 340m/s and thus by calculating ultrasound travel time we can calculate the object distance from the ultrasonic sensor.

Required Components

1. 1 Arduino UNO board( Buy from here Arduino )
2. 1 HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor ( Buy from here sensor )
3. Jumper wire
4. Breadboard

How To Interface LDR With Arduino

Circuit Diagram

Ultrasonic sensor pin connected to arduino pin in a very simple manner as shown in the image below. Here we use a voltmeter as a reference because we can't place a real object before the LDR. So when we increase or decrease the voltage level of voltmeter then its corresponding value also changed.

Arduino           Ultrasonic sensor

Vcc                      Vcc

Pin 5                   Trig

Pin 4                   Echo

Gnd                     GND 

Circuit

Source code

Here first we define the trig pin and echo pin of the ultrasonic sensor and they are pin no 5 and pin no 4 respectively. Here we define Trig pin as output and Echo pin as an input. After that, we defined three long variable name duration, cm and inches. In the loop first we set the Trig pin Low for few microsecond and after that, we set it in the high state for 10 microseconds. We read the travel time by ultrasound by using the pulseIn() function.

Source Code

For getting the exact distance we multiply .034 in duration and then divide it by 2 because ultrasound travels forward and backward. At the end we use Serial.print() function to print the value in the virtual terminal.You can download the source code by clicking on the link.

Video Demonstration 

Hope you like this tutorial on the ultrasonic sensor. If you have got any problem using the ultrasonic sensor or its proteus simulation then feel free to comment below or if you have any suggestion about this tutorials and let me know by your valuable comments. 

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How to Interface 4*3 Keypad With Arduino

In this article, we will find out how to interface a matrix keypad with arduino in very easy technique. During this article, we are using a 4*3 matrix keypad. Keypads are a very important component in the embedded system which are used in various mini or major comes and the commercial product like telephone, electronic locker, and alternative automation product. At the end of the article you may be ready to interface a matrix keypad together with your arduino and after you press a key, its shows up into the serial monitor.

What is 4*3 Matrix Keypad

One of the most frequently asked question among the students or hobbyist are when we use 4*3 or 4*4 matrix keypad and what is the difference between them. Therefore, we have only one answer what's your requirement within the project. The logic behind operating of each keypad are same. The 4*3 keypad is simple keypad having 4 rows and 3 column, therefore, total 12 keys as shown in the image. There are so many distributors wherever you will purchase a keypad otherwise you can purchase from here. 

 

Circuit Diagram

The circuit of interfacing of a keypad with arduino is very simple. You only need to connect rows 1, 2, 3, 4 to digital pin 6, 7, 8, 9 respectively and column 1, 2, 3 are connected to digital pin 10, 11, 12 respectively of the arduino. The circuit is extremely easy to grasp as shown in the below image.

Circuit Diagram

Program

Program of interfacing a keypad with arduino is extremely easy. Here we simply use an if-else statement to check every condition one by one. First we kept row 1 low and check all condition for it and equally with others rows one by one. You can download the source code from here.

SEE THIS ALSO: Interfacing Push Button Switch to Arduino

From here you will display the key on an LCD and build a lot of other cool projects like door lock, calculator, security system enabled projects. Hope you like this article. If you have got any doubt then comment below or have any suggestion then you may be forever welcome to ProjectsDunia.

VIDEO:

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555 Timer IC: Introduction, Working and Pin configuration

One of the most versatile linear integrated circuit is 555 timer. 555 timer IC was first introduced in early 1970 by  Signetics Corporation.555 timer IC is incredibly low cost and popular timing IC that is used by electronics student, hobbyist for generating timing delay and pulses. Mono stabale and astable multi vibrators is that the most correct example of its application. With the exception of this it's conjointly used for oscillations, waveform generators, analog frequency meters, voltage regulators, digital  probes, tone generation, frequency divider and lots of others.This device is obtainable as 8-pin mini Dual-in-line package(DIP)  or 14 pin Dual-in-line package(DIP) that consist 25 transistor,16 resistors, 2 diode.

PIN CONFIGURATION OF 555 TIMER IC

8-Pin DIP 555 Timer IC

Pin 1: Ground   This pin is used to measured the all voltages.

Pin 2: Trigger   Negative going pulse is applied to this pin whose dc level is greater than 1/3 times                                VCC. Thus comparator 2 output goes low. The output remains high as long as                                      trigger terminal is held at low voltage.

Pin 3: Output    Output pin is available to connect the load.There are two ways of connecting the                                   load either between pin 3 and ground or between pin 3 and +Vcc pin of 555 timer                                 IC.

Pin 4: Reset      555 timer can be reset by applying a negative pulse to this pin.

Pin 5: control voltage  To change the threshold voltage and trigger voltage an external voltage is                                               applied to this pin.

Pin 6: Threshold  SR flip flop is reset when voltage at this pin is greater than 2/3 Vcc.

Pin 7: Discharge   This pin is directly connected to the collector of transistor.When transistor is off                                     this acts as a open circuit and when transistor is on, acts as a shot circuit.

Pin 8:   A Supply voltage is applied to this pin that ranges from +5v to +18v with respect to                              the ground.

Block Diagram of 555 Timer IC

555 Timer IC Block Diagram

The 555 timer IC work as a mono-stable multi-vibrator and astable multi-vibrator. A voltage divider circuit is internally connected to the Pin 8 and Pin 1 of 555 timer IC. This circuit hold positive non inverting terminal of comparator at 1/3Vcc and negative inverting terminal of comparator at 2/3Vcc. The output from each comparator is connected to the input of the SR Flip-Flop. The output from the SR Flip-flop acts as a switching stage to drive the Load.

555 Timer IC has three operative modes known as:
1: Monostable
2: Astable
3: Bistable

To Know additional concerning 555 IC Click on this 555 Data sheet.

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How To Interface Relay With Arduino

A Relay is an electromagnetically operated switch. Relays are used to control a circuit. Many relays consist a coil, a yoke, and an armature. When a current is passed through the coil, a magnetic field is induced in the coil which moves the armature and relay start its switching function. A normal relay has NO(normally open), NC(normally connected), COM and coil pin within it. A Simple one channel relay is shown in below image

Relay

Required Components
For designing a relay driver circuit you will need following components 

• Relay
• 1N4007 Diode
• BC547 Silicon NPN transistor
• 10K Resistor 

Circuit Diagram

A simple relay driver circuit is shown in below image. Here we use an NPN BC547 transistor to drive the relay.Base current ought to be a lot of enough to turn on a transistor. A diode 1N4007 use among the circuit to protect the transistor from damage due to back emf. When relay is in off state, COM pin of 

Relay Driver Circuit 

a relay is connected to NC(normally connected) pin and when a small current start flows through relay coil then COM pin is connected to NO(normally open) pin.

NOTE: Change +5V  to +12V in the circuit 

Code for relay testing is same as for blink an LED so learn  how to blink an LED and test your relay driver circuit. Now using relay make some more cool projects using arduino like control your AC home appliances, turn ON/OFF a bulb and many more.

Hope you like this article and give your valuable feedback by commenting below or if you have got any problem then also comment below. 

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How To Interface LDR With Arduino

Hello, Friends hope all of you playing with your arduino and currently need to try to do another cool projects on arduino. Therefore, this tutorial is for you. During this tutorial, we interface LDR(Light dependent Resister) with the arduino board. It is very simple tutorials for arduino students, hobbyist, and beginners. Before going more we must find out how LDR is dependent on Light.

What is LDR 

LDR(Light dependent Resister) or a photoresistor is a light dependent variable resistor that resistance decreases with the increase in the intensity of light. This gives an analog value so that it is connected to an analog pin of arduino board. A simple LDR is shown within the image and to buy an LDR click on the below image

Circuit Diagram

A simple circuit diagram is shown in the image. We won't use LDR directly within the circuit in order that a potential divider circuit is used with a 10K resistor. In this circuit one pin of LDR is connected to Analog pin A0 of arduino UNO and one pin is connected to ground(GND).

LDR Circuit

Source code

Now connect your arduino board together with your PC and upload the given source code into the board. After uploading the code run your program and see the different value in your serial monitor.

LDR Code

Download:

download this file 

Watch This Video:

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